Modern day torture interrogation techniques

Modern day torture interrogation techniques Modern day torture constitutes an interrogation technique that entails inflicting suffering to the suspect with the aim of obtaining information or a confession. The methods utilized here also include waterboarding, shock treatment and denial of food as well as application of thumbscrews.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern day torture interrogation techniques specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Torture therefore ensures that the victim is in extreme anguish with the torturer having total control over the body of the victim (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy, 2011). The concept that underlies torture has been the subject of debate from various angles. These include moral and utilitarian as well as political perspectives. The controversy has further been fuelled by the increased cases of terrorism around the globe. Groups that argue in favor of torture have their support based on the fact that torture involves infli cting pain on a defenseless person. These have seen to the formation of policies such as the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy, 2011). This was adopted by the United Nations in 1984. In addition, the arguments are consequential in nature. This implies that the issues raised are directed at the impact of failing to use torture in interrogation of suspects of terrorism. These include suspects that may hold information that is vital to intelligence officials such as planned attacks (Casebeer, n.d). On the other hand, arguments in favour of torture, are grounded on the fact that it becomes a case of human rights violation. This is especially the case when the information witheld is inconsequential. Arguments in favour The ticking bomb scenario presents one of the major instances that are argued to justify the use of torture as an interrogation technique. In this case, it is considered ethical to inflict pain when psychological suffering fails to bring a suspect to a confession on the location of a ticking time bomb. For example, if a timed explosive device is planted in London and the police have the suspect (Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy, 2011). The scenario further emphasizes that it is ethical to subject one person to torture in order to save thousands others. In addition, the argument that torture can be converted into a habit that may become entrenched into the justice system is heavily overwhelmed (Vaknin, 2007). This is due to the fact that other interrogation techniques have been noted to be equally misused. For instance, the use of guns and knives are equally susceptible to similar levels of abuse. Torture is also ethical in that it constitutes an ordinary method interrogation rather than a punishment to suspects. It should instead be regarded as an ordinary procedure used before trial in the same level with detention and oral interrogation.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is due to the fact that other interrogation techniques are also bound to inflict equal levels of punishment to a suspect before they are cleared of any wrong doing. This contravenes the argument put forward by St Augustine on basis of the negative moral impact of torture. To add to that, the use of torture facilitates the administration of justice as criminals have been observed to deny committing the crimes. It thus aids in finding the crime perpetrators and serving justice to their victims. From another perspective, torture is arguably justified by the fact that in times of war and instances of terrorism collateral damage is likely to occur. This refers to the sacrifice of the lives of a few people to save a country or many other lives. This implies that to maintain justice, governments and society have the right to expose suspects to torture for the greater good (Harris, 2005). For example, using torture to interrogate a terrorist group leader like Osama Bin Laden so as to salvage the lives of many innocents would be considered morally right. In recent times, it has additionally been noted that abstinence from torture by many countries is done because it constitutes being politically correct. This means that most governments have adopted the anti-torture policies at the expense of their citizens. The governments are limited in terms of law enforcement capacity so as to obtain foreign aid or military backing from other nations. Additionally, such measures are a disadvantage in times of instability or war that threaten the livelihood of the innocent. In such cases, it is only right to use torture from the moral or ethical and formal as well as utilitarian perspectives. Arguments against On the other side, torture has been heavily opposed by various interest groups on different grounds. The moral perspective for instance, views the practice as a violation. This is due to the fact that the victim is denied the right to act on their own rationale. Additionally, it lowers the moral level of the suspect under interrogation. According to Henry Shue, torture should be disallowed as it is not justified by the simple wrong or right standards. This implies that the act should not be judged by the amount of good or evil that it brings forth (Ghraib, 2004). He adds that it is wrong to use torture as the torturer has no way of verifying that the suspect has the information that they need.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Modern day torture interrogation techniques specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another perspective argues against the ticking bomb scenario. It emphasizes that in some instances, intelligence personnel may capture suspects that turn out to be innocent. Further, the concept behind the ticking bomb scenario works under the premises t hat result in intellectual fraud. From a liberal point of view, the event is created as an emergency so that inhumane treatment is justified. The liberal perspective argues that torture denies the suspect their rights (Luban, 2005). Torture is regarded as an act that aims at obtaining a confession, punishing and terrifying the suspect while deriving pleasure at the practice. Moreover, it is difficult to verify the information given by a suspect under such conditions. For example, the suspect may give false information to stop the pain. The use of torture interrogation techniques has also been noted to dilute the strength of international laws and policies. For instance, disregard for international law has been associated with increased use of torture on prisoners of America and other countries. Furthermore, civilization asserts that nations adhere to amicable ways of obtaining intelligence. Torture is additionally opposed on grounds that other interrogation techniques can be used in stead. Interrogation may opt to use other techniques such as verbal confrontation or psychological control methods that afflict less or no pain. Further research also indicates that torture lacks in terms of efficiency as a modern interrogation technique. It has been noted that the information obtained under such circumstances may be misleading or wrong. In the long-term, the inclusion of torture in systems such as justice would result in greater costs rather than benefits. For instance, it undermines the value of evidence so that information obtained may be inconsequential in a court of law. The integration of torture interrogation techniques into the systems of rule has also been linked to other inefficiencies. These may affect institutions such as the military or judiciary as they rely on the initial moral of rationale (Arrigo, 2004). It is apparent that modern day torture interrogation techniques are comprise an infringement of the rights of the person under interrogation. It un dermines the moral level of the suspect. It has also been noted to be inefficient despite the pain subjected to the culprits. Moreover, the practice of torture has been found to contravene international law and morality. Therefore, torture interrogation techniques should only be applied in extreme cases whereby there is a degree of confidence that the suspect is the culprit. References Arrigo, J. M. (2004). A Consequentialist Arguement againist Torture Interrogation of Terrorist. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Casebeer, W. (n.d). Torture Interrogatiom of Terrorist: ATheory Of Exceptions(With Notes, Cautions and Warnings). Web. Ghraib, A. (2004). The Politics of Torture. Atlanta: North Atlantic Books. Harris, S. (2005, October 17). In Defense of Torture. The Huffington Post . Luban, D. (2005). Liberalism, Torture and Ticking Timebomb. Web. Stanford Encyclopedia Of Philosophy. (2011, April). Torture. Web. Vaknin, S. (2007). Malignant Self-love: Narcissism Revisited. New York.

The effect French Revolution had on the main events in European Essay

The effect French Revolution had on the main events in European history in the 19th century - Essay Example Also, there was the rise of the capitalist bourgeois class that clashed with the aristocratic noble classes over political power. Though there was a new rising bourgeois class, France was still very much tied to old ways of politics: France in the eighteenth century still possessed a large measure of medievalism—a condition reflected in its diversified legal structure, in its powerful guilds, in its communes, in the church, in universities, and in the patriarchal family (Nisbet 157). These factors are tied to the overall effects of the revolution on France and all of Europe, those effects being a rise in individualism, patriotism, and nationalism. These ideas were trenchantly in opposition to the prevailing monarchies of the time that ruled over Europe at the time of the revolution. The French Revolution did not merely replace one set of rulers with another; it replaced an entire ideological system with another throughout the western world. As was mentioned, the causes of the revolution are very much tied together with the effects. The debt and poverty caused by the decisions of the monarchy were one of the chief concerns of the new bourgeois class: â€Å"a new a revolutionary class, the bourgeoisie, had risen in wealth and power during the eighteenth century, but had been denied political power and social recognition by the old ruling class of aristocrats and nobles† (Stromberg 88). This aspect has two main ideas behind it. First, the capitalists were financially hurt because of the decisions of the aristocracy. They were subject to the decisions of the aristocracy, as these decisions had a direct effect upon the economy of the country in which they functioned. To put it specifically, the decisions of the aristocracy had a direct effect on the capitalists ability to make money. Secondly, because the bourgeoisie

Biomass Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biomass Questions - Essay Example However, the technology for such venture is still in its infancy. It will take some more time before breakthrough in technology is achieved for viable energy production for commercial use from plastics and other combustible contents (Plastics and the environment). A herd of 2000 pigs can produce 400 ft3 of waste. This, in turn, can help produce 3120 ft3 of biogas per day. This figure of 3120 ft3 is arrived at assuming each pig produces 0.2 ft3 waste from which 7.8 ft3/day biogas is produced. (The Economics of Biogas in the Hog Industry, p7). The cogen must have the capacity of 1 x 75 kW and 1 x 110 kW to utilize the gas (The Economics of Biogas in the Hog Industry, p13). The landowner will have to cultivate 2500 hectares of land if eucalypt trees are planted and 10,000 hectares of land if short rotation irrigated forestry crops are planted to produce 10 MW power. This figure is arrived at calculating the requirement of 250 hectares of land if eucalypt trees are planted and 1000 hectares of land if short rotation irrigated forestry crops are planted to product 1 MW power. For irrigated forestry crops, the land availability depends on the type of the crops planted. 10,000 hectares of land will be required for forestry crops if the crop in question is Prosopis which is a thorny plant that already grows wild on extensive areas of wasteland and serves as fence (Garry Jacobs, p20). Lecture 2 - Answer 1 It is in the proportion of 10% ethanol to 100% petrol. The equation stems from the simple fact that the proportion of ethanol is about ten percent of the total quantity of petrol. This figure is arrived at on the basis of volume where 10% ethanol is required for 100% petrol. After the mix up, the equation becomes 10% ethanol and 90% petrol. As regards the second part of the question, the answer is based on answer 3 in lecture 1. The quantity of biomass for sugar beet is 100,000 tons for 10 MW power. 10,000 hectares of cereal residues will be sufficient to produce 10 MW power for one year. This figure is arrived at after calculating 10,000 tons of sugar beet for 1 MW power and 1000 hectares of cereal residues for 1 MW power (Garry Jacobs, p20). Answer 2 Australia has plenty of land resource. The issue is basically environmental. Australia consumes much power got from fossil fuel. This is responsible for pollution. Economy and job creation are also factors to consider for production of biomass. The Great Reef Barrier is impacted due to global warming. Hence, it is necessary for Australia to clean up its backyard. Australia also has tremendous reserves of water for use in creation of power. It also has land resource for any land salination requirement. Answer 3 The research for biomass 'crop' is at a nascent stage. Hence it is difficult to pinpoint with conviction any particular plant as the most suitable potential for biodiesel in Australia. The research is going on with several crops or their components such as algae, lignocellulose (woody or fibrous part of plants), wheat stubble, bagasse, plantation residues, urban waste wood and organic wastes (Sustainable biomass production). Of course, there are also sugar beet and cereal residues that are being researched

The medical coding

The medical coding The Performance of Medical Coding What responsibilities are required in Medical Coding? How is Medical Coding beneficial in the healthcare industry? Herzing University (2009) says, â€Å"Medical Coding is the act of billing patients and health insurances for the medical checkup they received.† Medical Coding is one of the most valuable careers in the Healthcare industry. However, this profession requires important guidelines, such as assigning proper health-related codes, understanding coding language, and meeting the terms of the compliance rule. Moreover, as a productive benefit in this line of work, many employers allow medical coders to enter codes from home. The first rule that applies to Medical Coding is the importance of code assignments. After a patient is seen by a physician in an office or hospital room, the medical coders job is to assign the appropriate health diagnosis code on the claim form. The claim form is to be submitted to the patients insurance company for reimbursement purposes; claims are submitted to insurance companies so that doctors will be paid for the services rendered in the office as well. Upon submitting the claim form(s), it is important for the medical coder to assign the correct code(s) to ensure a timely payment process. If the code(s) are incorrect, this will cause the claim to be denied and payment will not be released until the issue is corrected. Herzing University (2009) comments that â€Å"Every medical diagnosis or procedure that is done in a medical office should have a health-related code assigned to it. The medical coder is accountable for assigning the correct code for each procedure that is per formed on a patient.† In addition, AHIMA (2009) predicts that â€Å"the excellence of medical services depend on if a medical coder assigns codes accurately and in a timely fashion.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  In Medical Coding, the first and foremost responsibility is to make certain that the payment reviews and funds flow effectively. Scichilone (2008) also points out that â€Å"the timely completion of assigned codes depends on the accuracy of the coding process.† Therefore, assigning proper codes for medical procedures are essential because it will guarantee timely payment to medical providers and their patients. Another rule that applies to Medical Coding is the understanding of coding language. Where does the resource of coding come from? Who maintains the health-related coding system? The American Health Information Management Association (2009) clarifies that â€Å"the resources for the health-related coding are maintained by a particular group of organizations. These groups are responsible for the updates and or changes for the coding process. The National Center for Health Services, is in charge of the ICD-9-CM codes, whereas, The American Medical Association is responsible for the CPT codes.† What is the coding language and why is it used in Medical Coding? In Medical Coding, an ICD-9-CM code is entered on a claim to code a patient†s diagnosis received from the physician. In addition, there may be more than one diagnostic code on a claim form. A CPT code is entered on a claim to code a procedure that was performed on the patient(s). There may be more that one procedure cod e entered on the claim form as well. For simplicity principle, the codes assigned convey what types of service(s) were provided and why the procedure was done. Rogoski (2004) adds that â€Å"[t]here are two major coding [organizations that are responsible for the coding language],..: the ICD-9-CM diagnosis and procedure codes that are maintained by the federal government, and the CPT procedure codes that are maintained by the American Medical Association.† For verification purposes, American Medical Association (2009) define the definition of the diagnosis code ICD-9-CM is â€Å"The International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification,† while (CDC, 2009) notes that the CPT procedure code means â€Å"Current Procedural Terminology.† The most important rule that applies to Medical Coding is the consistency of data entries. Being that coding information is updated on a quarterly and yearly basis by the health care organizations, it is important for the medical coder to enter the updated or revised codes accordingly. Entering the correct diagnosis and procedure code(s) is essential because the code(s) determine how and why reimbursement or payment is requested. During the coding process, it is imperative for the coder to obtain the up-to-date information on medical services covered by the patients insurance company to avoid questionable outcomes. In other words, the services that are covered under a carrier should match what is documented in the compliance guidelines and if the coding or documentation is not consistent with the specific guidelines, this can develop into an investigation and claim rejections. AHIMA (2009) contends that, â€Å"Entering the appropriate data according to the compliance rule is very im portant in the coding process. Whether the codes are entered correctly or not, it will in one way or another, affect both the quality of the statistics and the fulfillment to the regulations.† For that reason, to stay current with the array of coding rules, the Medical Coder should always consult with the healthcare guidelines upon entering the code(s) on a claim form ensure the quality of medical information. Furthermore, to ensure data consistency according to the compliance rule, meticulous medical coding software has been utilized to assist the medical coders during the coding process. â€Å"Computer-Assistance Coding† is how (Scichilone, 2009) describes the software. Even though coding can be complicated especially when trying to remember and stay up to date with guidelines, the use of medical coding software will promote thorough and affirmative results. Scichilone (2009) explains that â€Å"[t]hose little numbers or alpha-numeric [series] are one of the reasons the compliance [organization] exists.† The coding process is to note what type of medical service was provided and the reason for the office visit. To acquire efficiency, new software has been executed to help providers concerning data consistency guidelines. Medical coders can use this specific computer software to produce organized health codes for evaluation.† Not only does this medical coding software assist in positive reviews from the compliance group, it encourages moral standards as well. As an added guideline precaution, healthcare providers are should distribute the compliance rule list within its facilities to ensure proper and precise coding. The list should include a detailed medical coding policy that must be adhered by accordingly. One author (Stegman, 2009) notes that â€Å"[f]or many clinical areas with commonly provided services, very specific coding and billing guidelines exist to assist the provider in reporting accurate and honest claims Ideally, the provider should have a coding compliance policy document withthe following [factors]† Instructions on how to assign codes for new medical procedures; Instructions on how to correct inaccurate codes that were previously assigned; Code of conduct requirements linked to the Healthcare service provided, Annual or semi-annual training in Healthcare compliance guiding principles, Disciplinary steps taken if failure to comply with the guidelines occur, and Helpful contact phone number to seek out additional or unclear information.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Medical Coding position, these issues should provide helpful healthcare solutions when it comes to assigning medical codes for claim submission. By following these procedures, this will develop data quality within the healthcare environment because of the consistency assignment entries. Stegman (2008) agrees with these methods by saying that â€Å"coding experts are likely to sustain the importance of accurate and consistent coding traditions to deliver quality health care Medical coders should continue to improve their coding skills to stay current with the coding regulations The Medical Coder must maintain and follow the coding guidelines to avoid improper results with insurance companies and patients. If these compliance guidelines are not available by the provider, the medical coder(s) may have a difficult time assigning consistent codes. Stegman (2008) points out that â€Å"[w]hen coding challenges arise, and unresolved documentation inconsistencies are present, the selection of the most accurate and compliant codes may be more difficult, particularly if the codingstaff are not aware of the [moral coding standards].† If the preceding coding process for Medical Coding is carried out appropriately according to the compliance guidelines, this will ensure data excellence. Finally, while Medical Coding maintains specific guidelines to ensure effective results in the healthcare industry, many people are pursuing this type of work to take advantage of the flexible productive benefits. Many employers are allowing Medical Coding to be managed from home. To ensure that a Medical Coder generates efficient productivity from home, the â€Å"Computer-Assistance Coding† medical software that (Scichilone, 2009) described earlier, would be a very beneficial technology tool in the healthcare industry. Many health providers are providing its medical coders to work from home; working flexible hours and increase productivity are a couple of reasons why working from home is available. Flexible productivity (2004) states that â€Å"many healthcare corporations are engrossed with the productive benefits of flexibility working from home. By minimizing the demand of office space and reducing commuting time, the medical coder will gain flexible productive time and p ossibly get to manage their work-life obligations.† While the Medical Coder manages the medical software that was provided by their employer, on their home computer, the programmed software will generate assignment codes that are consistent with the compliance regulations. Scichilone (2009) says that the coding software will â€Å"increase productivity in code assignment [, provide] consistent application of reporting rules and guidelines [,] and monitor[the] evaluation features for coding accuracy reviews.† Consequently, utilizing the coding software will provide added advantages in Medical Coding. In conclusion, since Medical Coding requires specific guidelines for the healthcare industry to follow, it is imperative to abide by the compliance rules to avoid poor data standards. By entering accurate and thorough health-related data into the medical database, and obtaining a clear understanding of coding language and their resources, this cause of action will help the flow of the reimbursement process run effectively; as an added advantage, Medical Coding can be accomplished in the comfort of the medical coders home by way of compliance-ready medical software. References AHIMA About Medical Coding Medical Records: (2009). Coding. Retrieved November 26, 2009 from http://www.ahima.org/coding/index.asp AHIMA Medical Coding Guidelines:Data Quality and Compliance (2009). . Retrieved December 9 2009 from http://www.ahima.org/coding/compliance.asp AHIMA Medical Coding Resources (2009). Coding Resources. Retrieved December 7, 2009 from http://www.ahima.org/coding/coding_resources.asp AMA CPT Code Information and Education (2009). American medical association. Retrieved November 28, 2009 from http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/physician-resources/3884.shtml CDC ICD-9-CM International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (2009). Centers for disease control and prevention. Retrieved November 26, 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd9cm.htm Flexible productivity.(2004). International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,53(5/6),476-477. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID:695572871). Medical Billing and Insurance Coding Overview (2009). Herzing university online. Retrieved November 23, 2009 from http://www.herzingonline.edu/programs/medical-billing-and-insurance-coding Richard R Rogoski. (2004,September). If Youre Not Coding, Youre Not Billing.Health Management Technology,25(9),14, 16, 18. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Complete. (Document ID:687678731). Scichilone,R.(2009,July). Are We There Yet? Compliance-Ready Computer-Assisted Coding.Journal of Health Care Compliance,11(4),55-56,69-70. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID:1822883141). Scichilone,R.(2008,July). Enhanced Compliance Results by Improving the Code Assignment Process.Journal of Health Care Compliance,10(4),61-64. Retrieved December 5, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID:1670291831). Stegman,M..(2009,September). Managing Billing Interpretations in a Compliance Environment.Journal of Health Care Compliance,11(5),65-66,77-78. Retrieved December 7, 2009, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID:1882772921).

Jacob A. Riis How the Other Half Lives Essay -- Jacob Riis Other Half

Jacob A. Riis' How the Other Half Lives This book talks about the immigrants in the early 1900’s. The book describes how they live their daily lives in New York City. It helped me a lot on Riis photographs and his writings on to better understand the book and the harsh reality this people lived. This comes to show us that life is not that easy and it will cost us work to succeed. Riis talked about all the immigrant major groups that came to the United States during this time period. Riis was a bit prejudice and stereotyped the people he wrote about. For example he talked about he Italians as being gamblers and being slow learners. He criticizes them as being dumb and that is the reason they were cheated on their pay roll. They were told that by coming to America they would get pay...

Informative Speech: Fire Safety Imagine waking up in the middle of the night

Informative Speech: Fire Safety Imagine waking up in the middle of the night to the sound of a smoke alarm. What is the first thought that goes through your mind? Every year thousands of people die from House fires. I’m here to give you some statistics and some helpful solutions that may save your life. By the end of my speech I hope you will have a better understanding of Fire Safety and things you can do to prevent one in your home. 1. In 2011 Fire Departments responded to 370,000 House fires (NFPA.Org) Of those 370k Fires A. 2590 People died (Not including FF’s) B. 12,910 People were injured C. 7. 2 billion dollars in direct damage D. On Average 7 people died everyday in the U. S E. Nov-March Fires more likely to occur F. 40 percent of house fires occur in homes with no working smoke alarms. 2. Leading cause’s of House fires A. Cooking 5-8 pm B. Heating equipment- Elderly population C. Arson D. Males account for almost double the total cost in damage and fire injuries over women at 4. 8 billion. E.Main two groups of people that are at most risk for causing and being injured by fires. 3. Children A. Children 4 & under a. Children are curious about fire b. Children account for 35k fires per year c. 8k are in homes. B. How to educate Children a. Teach Children that fire is a tool and not a toy b. Teach them not to hide during a fire c. Teach them to go downstairs and not higher (Heat and smoke travel up) d. Teach them Stop Drop and Roll e. Crawl low in smoke f. Teach them how to sleep with the door closed to their bedroom. 4. ElderlyA. Will account for 21 pct of population by 2050. B. Elderly Most prone to Fire. a. Accounting for 25% of all fire related deaths. b. More likely to misuse electrical appliances (Portable heaters, heating blankets) c. More prone to household accidents involving cooking fires, electrical fires and smoking d. Dementia and Alzheimer’s (forgetting to turn of stove or iron) e. 10 pct of elderly are living in p overty, causing them to use candles, space heaters, or even the oven as a heat or light source increasing fire hazards in the home.

Personal Time Management for Busy Managers - 2966 Words

Personal Time Management for Busy Managers Time passes, quickly. This article looks at the basics of Personal Time Management and describes how the Manager can assume control of this basic resource. The Eff words The three Eff words are [concise OED]: †¢ Effective - having a definite or desired effect †¢ Efficient - productive with minimum waste or effort †¢ Effortless - seemingly without effort; natural, easy Personal Time Management is about winning the Eff words: making them apply to you and your daily routines. What is Personal Time Management? Personal Consider these two questions: what would happen if you spent company money with as few safeguards as you spend company time, when was the last time you scheduled†¦show more content†¦An afternoon spent polishing an internal memo into a Pulitzer prize winning piece of provocative prose is waste; an hour spent debating the leaving present of a colleague is waste; a minute spent sorting out the paper-clips is waste (unless relaxation). This type of activity will be reduced naturally by managing your own time since you will not allocate time to the trivial. Specifically, if you have a task to do, decide before hand how long it should take and work to that deadline - then move on to the next task. Another common source of waste stems from delaying work which is unpleasant by finding distractions which are less important or unproductive. Check your log to see if any tasks are being delayed simply because they are dull or difficult. Time is often wasted in changing between activities. For this reason it is useful to group similar tasks together thus avoiding the start-up delay of each. The time log will show you where these savings can be made. You may want then to initiate a routine which deals with these on a fixed but regular basis. Doing Subordinate s Work Having considered what is complete waste, we now turn to what is merely inappropriate. Often it is simpler to do the job yourself. 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